潛水艇

book：THE Astonishing Hypothesis

Most people are dualists.( following's about this subject)
there's a duality of people what we are is not physical,we are immaterial souls that possess physical bodies that connect to physical bodies.That means there's our bodies and our immaterial minds.

Descarters made two arguments for DUALISM:
A: One argument involved observations of a human action.Humans are not limited to reflexive action.Rather,humans are capable of coordinated,creative,spontaneous things.
B: WE can not doubt that we are thinking.So,he draw a conclusion that there's sth. really different about having a body is always uncertain,from having a mind.He use these two things as a way to support the idea that bodies and minds are separate.Our daulism shows up in intuitions about personal identity and common sense tells us that sb. can be the same person even if their body undergoes radical and profound changes.(SOME,cultures share the idea that what you are is separable from this physical thing you carry around,and the physical thing that you carry around can be destroyed while you live on)

Different from the DUALISM,scientific consensus now is that dualism is wrong.They do belive that "THE MIND IS WHAT THE BRAIN DOES".The mind reflects the workings of the brain.All of mental life are the products of brain activities.It also illustrate that different parts of the brain are active during different parts of mental life.

THE GOAL OF NEUROSCIENCE: try to explain how the brain works and how the brain can give rise to thought.
Neurons,the basic building blocks of thought,combine to other mental structures and into different subparts of the brain and finally to the whole thing. Neuron is a specific sort of cell due to its the basic unit of the brain.
The neuron has 3 majoy parts:
DENDRITES: get signals from other neurons.(escitatory/inhibitory signals can raise/lower the likelihood the neuron will fire)
THE CELL BODY: sums the signals up. If we get a certain number,the neuron will fire.
AXON: much longer than the dendrites. Surrounding the axon is a myelin sheath—an insulation that helps the firing work quicker.

Neurons come in three flavors：
SENSORY NEURONS: take information from the world and send signals to our brains.
MOTOR NEURONS: telling the muscles what to do.
INTERNEURONS: connect the sen. and motor..do the thinking.they make the connection between sensation and action.

INTERSITY:
a.expressed through number of neurons firing.more neurons more intense
b.frequency of firing.
When a neuron fires, an axon sends chemicals (neurotransmitters) shooting through the gap, and they affect the dendrites. The chemicals could excite the other neuron or inhibit the other neuron.

TWO ways to fiddle with neurotransmitters,so there also two drags——agonists and antagonists.
AGONISTS: increases the effect of neurotransmitters,either by making more neurotransmitters or stopping the cleanup of neurotransmitters,or in some cases by faking a neurotransmitter.
ANTAGONISTS: slow down the amount of neurotransmitters,either because they destroy neurotransmitters or they make it hard to create more so that the neurotransmitters can not connect axon with dendrites.
e.g.
Curare: antagonists,blocks motor neurons from affecting muscle fibers
Alcohol: inhibitory,It inhibits the excitatory parts of your brain.
Amphetamines: agonists,increase the amount of arousal ,the amount of norepinephrine(a neurotransmitters responsible for general arousal ).
Prozac: agonists,works on serotonin,makes them more prevalent(so in some extent might help alleviate depression because one of the problem"For depression" is the short of serotonin. )
L-DOPA: agonists,increase the supply of dopamine( one of the factor in Parkinson is the short of dopamine).


————TBC

5 sub areas
1.Neuroscience
study of the mind by looking at the brain
2.Debelopmental
learn about how people develop and grow and learn
3.Cognitive
refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind,often viewing the mind on analogy with a computerand looking at how people do things
4.Social
the study of how people act in groupsand how people act with other people
5.Clinical
the study of mental health and mental illness

Economics and game theory are now essential tools for understanding human thought and human behavior—those issues connecting to philosophy, computer science, anthropology, literature, theology and many other domains.

We still have many questions to work out:
How the human mind works?
How we think?
What makes us what we are.
About the continuity.
What makes us the way we are?
Why are we different?
What's the explanation for why we're different?
What makes somebody attractive?

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So it seems hard to study well in these questions and even in our daily learning,we don't have enough books to read as well as we don't kown what to read and how.
well,from the following days,I must keep myself different from other people(not that kind of differences).First of all I should do is to read more books,nomatter what kinds of books,they surely might help.